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Understanding Bharatanatyam: The Classical Dance of Tamil Nadu

Exploring the history, techniques, and spiritual roots of India's oldest classical dance tradition.

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Tags: Bharatanatyam · Tamil Nadu · Classical Dance · Indian Heritage · Shaivism · Sangeet Natak Akademi

Bharatanatyam is a major Indian classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. Recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, this performance art is dedicated to Lord Nataraja, the deity of dance. It serves as a medium to express South Indian religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly those associated with Shaivism and Hinduism.

As the oldest classical dance tradition in India, it was historically known as Sadiraattam before being renamed Bharatanatyam in 1932. The dance is characterized by its refined movements and deep historical roots, evolving over centuries into a highly structured performance art accompanied by music and vocalists.

Historical Origins and Evolution

The foundations of this dance are documented in the Natya Shastra, with descriptions of its precursors dating between 500 BCE and 500 CE. Further mentions are found in the ancient Tamil epic Silappatikaram, which dates back to approximately 171 CE.

Temple sculptures created between the 6th and 9th centuries CE provide evidence that the dance had become a refined performance art by the mid-1st millennium CE. These historical markers highlight the long-standing cultural significance of the form in South India.

Technical Style and Performance

The Bharatanatyam style is distinguished by specific physical postures, including a fixed upper torso, bent legs, and flexed knees known as aramandi. These positions are combined with intricate footwork to create a dynamic visual experience.

Performers utilize a sophisticated vocabulary of sign language. This includes precise gestures of the hands, eyes, and facial muscles to communicate meaning. The dance is typically performed with a musical ensemble and a singer who provides the narrative accompaniment.

Diversity of Bani

Bharatanatyam encompasses various styles known as 'bani.' This term refers to specific dance techniques and styles unique to a particular guru or school. These traditions are frequently named after the village where the guru resided.

These different bani allow for variations in technique while maintaining the core principles of the classical form. Through these schools, the ancient traditions of Sadiraattam continue to be preserved and practiced today.

Sources

Wikipedia — Bharatanatyam